根據(jù)國際電信聯(lián)盟的數(shù)據(jù)，2016年產(chǎn)生的電子垃圾足以建造近4500座艾菲爾鐵塔：總重量為4470萬公噸的舊電腦、電視機、冰箱、手機和其他電器。
廢棄電子電氣設(shè)備也被稱為電子廢棄物，是世界上增長最快的廢物流。預(yù)計到2021年將達到5220萬噸，足以再建造1000座艾菲爾鐵塔。
處理和回收電子垃圾，不僅因為環(huán)境和健康方面的挑戰(zhàn)，還出于經(jīng)濟原因。
電子垃圾包含高價值資源，貴金屬如金、銀、鈀、鉑，以及高價值塑料，這使得資源回收和再循環(huán)過程從經(jīng)濟和商業(yè)的角度來看具有吸引力。
2016年電子垃圾中所有原材料的總價值約為550億歐元，超過全球大多數(shù)國家的國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值?；陔娮訌U物回收價值鏈，建設(shè)環(huán)保友好型社會和實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)性至關(guān)重要。
工發(fā)組織與各國政府和私營部門合作，鼓勵工業(yè)領(lǐng)域“可回收性設(shè)計”。推廣可持續(xù)解決方案，消除廢棄物概念并將其轉(zhuǎn)化為可持續(xù)生產(chǎn)資源。
工發(fā)組織的做法：從國家擴大到區(qū)域
工發(fā)組織自2008年以來為政府提出法律框架建議，為維持再循環(huán)系統(tǒng)確定財政選擇，并考慮到電子廢物回收鏈所有利益攸關(guān)方。
工發(fā)組織與戴爾和微軟等公司合作，已在烏干達、埃塞俄比亞、越南和柬埔寨等國利用全球環(huán)境基金提供的資金實施電子廢物管理方案。
其目的是促進電子廢物的管理，同時向各國提供技術(shù)、法律和行政能力支持，以保護健康和環(huán)境的方式處理電子廢物。
在成功執(zhí)行國家項目后，工發(fā)組織現(xiàn)已將電子廢物管理方案擴大到區(qū)域一級，以應(yīng)對區(qū)域內(nèi)的挑戰(zhàn)，例如在循環(huán)經(jīng)濟框架內(nèi)遵守斯德哥爾摩公約和其他有關(guān)協(xié)定的拉丁美洲區(qū)域。
全球環(huán)境基金資助的項目“加強拉丁美洲國家管理電子或電氣設(shè)備廢物中持久性有機污染物區(qū)域合作”將在阿根廷、玻利維亞、智利、哥斯達黎加、厄瓜多爾、薩爾瓦多、危地馬拉、洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜、巴拿馬、秘魯、烏拉圭和委內(nèi)瑞拉實施。
關(guān)于擴大工發(fā)組織的電子廢物管理合作，工發(fā)組織項目經(jīng)理Alfredo Cueva指出“由于在一些國家回收市場的規(guī)模很小，因此目前拉丁美洲必須制定區(qū)域解決辦法。將國家收集和預(yù)處理業(yè)務(wù)與區(qū)域先進的回收和處理基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施相結(jié)合，使之具有經(jīng)濟和商業(yè)意義。
該項目將在技術(shù)和資金方面為這13個國家提供幫助，在政策、業(yè)務(wù)計劃、立法、技術(shù)和提高意識提供咨詢意見。循環(huán)經(jīng)濟方法還將支持國家工業(yè)發(fā)展，提供回收服務(wù)和大量工作機會，同時保護環(huán)境免受有害化學(xué)物質(zhì)和排放物的影響，回收原材料并提供價格合理的翻新產(chǎn)品。
According to the International Communications Union, theamount of e-waste generated in 2016 was enough to build almost 4,500 Eiffeltowers: by weight it totaled 44.7 million metric tons of old computers,televisions, fridges, mobile phones, and other appliances.
Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), also knownas e-waste, is the fastest growing waste stream in the world. It is expected toreach 52.2 million metric tons by 2021, enough to build another 1000 Eiffeltowers.
The proper disposal and recycling of the increasing amountof e-waste needs to be addressed, not only because of the environmental and health challenges, but also because of the economic opportunities.
E-waste contains high value resources, precious metals suchas gold, silver, palladium and platinum, as well as high value plastics which makeresource recovery and recycling activities attractive from an economic andbusiness perspective.
The total value of all raw materials present in e-waste isestimated at approximately 55 billion Euros in 2016, which is more than theGross Domestic Product of most countries in the world. Based on e-waste recycling value chains, it is important to construct environmentally friendlysocieties and to achieve economic sustainability.
UNIDO works with governments and with the private sector toencourage industry to ‘design for recycling’. Promoting sustainable solutionsthat eliminates the concept of waste and transforms it into an opportunity,into resources for sustainable production.
For WEEE this would mean collecting, dismantling, processing and recycling its components in order to close its life cycle loop by sendingthe materials back into the industrial value chain. Engaging manufacturers inthe repurposing of materials – reducing waste and integrating ‘end-of- life’planning at design stage is also important.
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UNIDO′s approach:from national to regional
Since 2008 UNIDO has been advising governments on legal frameworks and identifying financial options to sustain the recycling system,taking all stakeholders and stages of the e-waste recycling chain into account.
UNIDO′s e-waste programme has been implemented in countriessuch as Uganda, Ethiopia, Vietnam or Cambodia using funds from the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and partnering with companies like Dell or Microsoft.
The aim is to promote activities that both prevent and managee-waste whilst simultaneously providing the countries with the technical, legaland administrative capacity to handle e-waste in a socially and environmentallysound manner that protects the health and the environment.
After successfully implementing national projects, UNIDO has now scaled-up its e-waste programme to a regional level, in order to address intra-regional challenges, for example in the Latin American Region within the framework of Circular Economy and to comply with the Stockholm Convention and other relevant agreements.
This GEF-funded project entitled, “Strengthening of National Initiatives and Enhancement of Regional Cooperation for the Environmentally Sound Management of POPs in Waste of Electronic or Electrical Equipment (WEEE)in Latin American Countries” (GEF 5554) will be implemented in Argentina,Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela.
Referring to the scaling up UNIDO′s e-waste managementcooperation, UNIDO Project Manager Alfredo Cueva states “Developing regionalsolutions is nowadays a must in Latin America because the size of the recyclingmarkets is very small in some countries. Linking national collection andpre-processing operations with regional advanced recycling and disposalinfrastructures makes economic and business sense.? In addition, applying similar standards through the region may help deter illegal trans-boundary movements of hazardouswastes.”
The project will assist these 13 countries both technically and financially, advising on policies, business plans, legislation, technology, and awareness-raising. It is also envisaged that a Circular Economy approach will support national industries that provide recycling services and significant numbers of direct decent jobs and work opportunities, while protecting the environment from hazardous chemicals and emissions, recovering raw materialsand providing affordable refurbished products.
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